According to Christian tradition, the evangelists are represented by four living creatures: the man, the lion, the bull and the eagle.
Newsroom (14/03/2025 Gaudium Press) Have you ever wondered about the four enigmatic figures often depicted in Catholic churches? These beings, portrayed as a lion, an ox, a man, and an eagle, are not just artistic symbols, but representations tied to deep theological meaning. But why are the Evangelists represented by four living beings?
The Origins of the Four Living Beings in the Apocalypse
The idea of the four living beings is rooted in the Book of Revelation, where it is written: “Around the throne, there were four living creatures […]. The first living creature looked like a lion; the second looked like an ox; the third had a face like a man; the fourth looked like an eagle in flight” (Revelation 4:6-7).
These figures have been part of Christian symbolism since the 2nd century and have been deeply ingrained in Catholic iconography.
The Lion: St. Mark and the Voice in the Desert
The lion, which roars majestically in desolate places, is associated with St. Mark, who opens his Gospel by evoking the voice of John the Baptist crying out in the wilderness to announce the coming of the Messiah. St. Mark’s Gospel emphasizes the power and majesty of Christ, similar to the roar of a lion.
The Ox: St. Luke and the Sacrifice
St. Luke is symbolized by the ox, which represents sacrifice. In his Gospel, St. Luke begins with the story of Zechariah’s sacrifice in the Temple, alluding to the ultimate sacrifice of Christ on the Cross. The ox, often used for labor and sacrifice, beautifully represents the humble and sacrificial nature of Christ.
The Man: St. Matthew and the Humanity of Christ
The figure with a human face represents St. Matthew, who focuses on the humanity of Christ in his Gospel. St. Matthew’s Gospel presents Christ as the fulfillment of God’s promises to humanity, emphasizing Jesus’ human nature and His role as the Savior.
The Eagle: St. John and the Divine Revelation
The eagle, soaring high and symbolizing divine elevation, represents St. John. St. John’s Gospel emphasizes the divinity of Jesus Christ, portraying Him as the eternal Word made flesh. St. John’s deep theological insights into the nature of Christ and His relationship with the Father are reflected in the soaring flight of the eagle.
The Unity of the Evangelists in Christian Iconography
These four living beings—lion, ox, man, and eagle—are not mere artistic representations; they are symbols rich in theological meaning. Each one points to a different aspect of Christ’s nature, whether it be His majesty, sacrifice, humanity, or divinity. The Evangelists, through these symbols, help us understand the multifaceted nature of Christ’s life and mission.
Compiled by Donna Smolders
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